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Friday, 11 March 2022

70.Input Output in C language : C language provides number of pre-defined function to perform input and output operations, Console I/O

 

Input Output in C language:

Accepting the data from other sources into the program is called input.

Sending data from the program to other sources is called output.

I/O operations in C language is classified into

  • Console I/O (Keyboard and monitor)
  • File I/O
  • Network I/O

C language provides number of pre-defined function to perform input and output operations.

These functions are classified into formatted and unformatted functions.

Formatted functions are capable to present the data in required format using different data formatting techniques.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


Console I/O:

C language provides number of library functions to perform console I/O operations.

Here keyboard is console input and monitor is console output.

These functions are defined within the header file "stdio.h"

 

1. printf():

It is the function used to present the data on to the console output device (Monitor)

It is the formatted output function used to present the data on to the monitor in a required format using formatting characters and escape sequences.

It is discoursed in length at the beginning of tutorial.

 

2. scanf():

It is the function used to read the data from the console input device (Kayboard) into the specified variables.

It is the formatted input function.

 

 

3. sprintf():

It is the formatted output function used to write the data on to the string rather monitor.

In the example1 printed the formatted output using printf()

In the example2 printed the formatted output using sprintf() by storing onto a string

 

Example1:

#include<stdio.h>

void main()

{

   char str[150];

   int empno=1005;

   char name[20]="Mr.black";

   char place[20]="kavali";

   long int pin=524201;

   clrscr();

   printf("empno:%d\nName:%s\nPlace:%s\nPin:%ld",empno,name,place,pin);

   getch();

}

 

Output:

empno:1005

Name:Mr.black

Place:kavali

Pin:524201

 

Example explained:

In the above example the printf() function prints the formatted data onto the monitor directly

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


Example 2:

#include<stdio.h>

void main()

{

   char str[150];

   int empno=1005;

   char name[20]="Mr.black";

   char place[20]="kavali";

   long int pin=524201;

   clrscr();

   sprintf(str,"empno:%d\nName:%s\nPlace:%s\nPin:%ld",empno,name,place,pin);

   printf("%s",str);

   getch();

}

 

Output:

empno:1005

Name:Mr.black

Place:kavali

Pin:524201

 

Example explained:

In the above example the sprintf() function prints the formatted data onto the a string "str" which is again printed onto the monitor.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


4. sscanf():

It is the formatted input function used to read the data from a complex string into the individual variables.

 

Example:

#include<stdio.h>

void main()

{

   char str[150]="1002 Mr.Black Kavali 524201";

   int empno;

   char name[20];

   char place[20];

   long int pin;

   clrscr();

   sscanf(str,"%d%s%s%ld",&empno,name,place,&pin);

   printf("empno:%d",empno);

   printf("\nName:%s",name);

   printf("\nPlace:%s",place);

   printf("\nPin code:%ld",pin);

   getch();

}

 

Output:

empno:1002

Name:Mr.Black

Place:Kavali

Pin code:524201

 

Example explained:

Here the string "str" has details of an employee.

sscanf() read the details from "str" in a sequence and store into variables.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5. gets():

It is the function used to accept a line of text from the keyboard.

It accepts the reference of character array as argument.

 

6. puts():

It is an unformatted function used to write a line of text on to the monitor.

 

Example:

#include<stdio.h>

void main()

{

   char x[100];

   clrscr();

   printf("Enter a line of text:");

   gets(x);

   printf("The given text is:");

   puts(x);

   getch();

}

 

Execution:

Enter a line of text: hello world

The given text is: hello world

 

getchar(), getche(), getch():

All these functions are used to accept a single character from the keyboard and store into the variable.

 

7. getchar():

It is the function used to accept a character from the keyboard.

It echoes the character given by the user.

It needs user confirmation.

 

Example:

#include<stdio.h>

void main()

{

   char ch;

   clrscr();

   printf("Enter a character:");

   ch=getchar();

   printf("The given character is %c",ch);

   getch();

}

 

 

 

 

 


Example explained:

The given character "s" is echoed (Displayed)

Character is accepted on pressing enter or carriage return.

 

8. getche():

It is similar to getchar()

It echoes the character given by the user.

It doesn't need user confirmation.

 

Example:

#include<stdio.h>

void main()

{

   char ch;

   clrscr();

   printf("Enter a character:");

   ch=getche();

   printf("The given character is %c",ch);

   getch();

}

Execution:

Enter a character : s

The given character is s

 

 
 

 

 

 

 


Example explained:

The given character "s" is echoed (Displayed)

Character is accepted without user confirmation.

 

9. getch():

It is similar to getchar()

It doesn't echo the character given by the user.

It doesn't need user confirmation.

 

 

Example:

#include<stdio.h>

void main()

{

   char ch;

   clrscr();

   printf("Enter a character:");

   ch=getch();

   printf("The given character is %c",ch);

   getch();

}

Execution:

Enter a character :

The given character is s

 

 
 

 

 

 

 


Example explained:

The given character "s" is not echoed (Displayed)

Character is accepted without user confirmation.

 

10. putchar(), putch():

These are the functions used to print a character on the monitor

There is no difference among the putchar() and putch() in their functionality.

 

example:

#include<stdio.h>

void main()

{

   char ch='a';

   clrscr();

   putchar(ch);

   getch();

}

 

Output:

a

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

File I/O:

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